Acids Bases and Salts – Complete Guide For Class 10 Science Chapter 2

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Acids bases and salts play a crucial role not just in chemistry, but in our daily lives as well. From the sourness of lemons to the cleaning power of soaps, these compounds are all around us, affecting everything from the food we eat to the products we use. In Acids Bases and Salts – Complete Guide For CBSE Class 10th Science Chapter 2, we will break down these essential concepts in a way that’s easy to understand, providing you with the knowledge and confidence to tackle this topic.

Through relatable examples, interactive learning, and in-depth explanations, you’ll master this chapter and be well-prepared for your exams. Let’s dive in and explore the fascinating world of acids, bases, and salts!

What is an Acid?

According to the chapter Acids Bases and Salts, An acid is a substance with the following characteristics:

  • Contains Replaceable Hydrogen Atom: An acid is defined as a compound that contains at least one replaceable hydrogen atom in its molecule.
  • Produces Hydronium Ions: In an aqueous solution, an acid produces hydronium ions.
image 794

Arrhenius’s Theory of Acids

As stated in the chapter acids bases and salts, according to Arrhenius’s theory:

  • Acid: A substance that furnishes H+\text{H}^+H+ ions in its aqueous solution.
  • Hydronium Ion Formation:

Classification of Acids

Based on Strength

A visual of classification of acids from class 10 science chapter 2 - acids bases and salts.
Type of AcidDescription
Strong AcidsMineral acids that are corrosive and harmful if ingested.
Weak AcidsOrganic acids that are naturally occurring and safe to consume.

Based on Concentration

A visual of classification of acids based on concentration from class 10 science chapter 2 - acids bases and salts.
Type of AcidDescription
Concentrated AcidsContains the minimum possible amount of water.
Dilute AcidsContains a large amount of water.

Basicity of Acids

According to the chapter Acids bases and salts, basicity refers to the number of hydronium ions furnished by one molecule of an acid:

A visual representing the basicity of acids from class 10 science guide

Chemical Properties of Acids

The chapter Acids Bases and Salts distinctively discusses the chemical properties of acids. These include:

Action on Indicators

IndicatorEffect
Blue LitmusTurns red
Methyl OrangeTurns red
PhenolphthaleinRemains colorless

Action on Active Metals

Active metals like K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, and Fe react with dilute acids to liberate hydrogen gas:

A visual depicting the action on active metals from class 10 science chapter 2 - Acids Bases and Salts

Action on Carbonates and Bicarbonates

As stated in the chapter Acids Bases and Salts, Acids react with metal carbonates or bicarbonates to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas.

image 802

Action on Bases (Neutralization Reaction)

Acids react with bases to form salt and water:

  • AD 4nXc sye1ChFF Nl7In2AxtUBvqDYwrKNiisFyyFm7OhQoldjbj3aV5FukpeMCBgshJrHdwpjozfVum0ItEP0xmSf3 A75bdKGuJsTWnJ

Action on Metal Oxides

Acids react with metal oxides to form salt and water:

image 796

Acid as an Electrolyte

Acids furnish free ions in an aqueous solution, enabling them to conduct electricity.

image 798

What is a Base?

Bases are substances that furnish hydroxide ions (OH−\text{OH}^-OH−) in their aqueous solution:

  • Example: AD 4nXeGoIpejURJvSxFgNLhNKfv7XmzTXfrBd h6hBAUu5im653IR9Qjd1M5pSEifkbD5Q1CnoraAN1PXnKWv4IexucmxVrPL KNuNVEXlJJknqeLRW8a7wV0legx8 CWyDc7MlFk5RoIZsvsuCLAg3UOVq Z2?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA

Acidity of Bases

Acidity refers to the number of hydroxide ions furnished by one molecule of a base:

  • AD 4nXeel0OfOsgoNZyWhk4l9 s2rtQBo Dv4hAdnqRVGsO5q

Chemical Properties of Bases

The chapter acids bases and salts very thoroughly discussed the chemical properties of bases. These include:

Action on Indicators

IndicatorEffect
Red LitmusTurns blue
Methyl OrangeGives orange color
PhenolphthaleinTurns pink

Action on Metals

Bases react with some metals like Zn, Al, and Pb to liberate hydrogen gas:

  • AD 4nXeX4NDg0aTYmXS t5HqMrH6RDhOXD8OfA7J kTevK5tLev3yYK15ypfcaUuEaqIMMGGVx1PP Pa2CO55J3I7aX1ud68fOnpw8W2iMAj qJZA482XsJ8EPFqZMcrn5lVuZwpA B0 d54riSa zRQ1vVkwp3m?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA

Action on Acids

Bases react with acids to form salt and water:

  • AD 4nXfbDQ01VQWIcdkO73LXFDyLLMhNLY0183 lAhxqewYxRPkSYBrDg44FiQUD2A8VH

Action on Non-Metal Oxides

Bases react with non-metal oxides to form salt and water:

  • AD 4nXfQHHYBThjtq6otI MK2K6z1E3145 lUMiXkv8dlop2iAiU6Csfjaaf 1obR1s KAcrsXSjiChj 9oR2i5ywH5npuDwlsvpaLElj4

pH Value

pH means puissance d’ hydrogen i.e. power of hydrogen ion in solution. It was introduced by Prof. Sorenson in 1990.

image 799

The pH scale measures the strength of an acid or a base:

  • pH = 7: Neutral solution
  • pH > 7: Alkaline (basic) solution
  • pH < 7: Acidic solution

pH Scale and Common Substances

SubstancepH Value
Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid0
Dilute Hydrochloric Acid1.0
Gastric Juices1.4
Blood7.4
Milk6.5

AD 4nXdDxxiZTA wuIor7FfXiVyU3hhEAdpsh4Ozcs8Z4iYrqusfjZLpwpRI7wBYDLvy8hgrub581QKlPo3mcyToJmsL1xDkxUE9 oAqRkajSf9D kLmiQXdW8 p jx

Universal Indicator

A mixture of several indicators that change color at different pH values, providing a comprehensive pH reading.

image 806

Applications of pH in our daily lives:

pH in Our Digestive System

  • Hydrochloric Acid: Aids digestion and is naturally present in the stomach.
  • Antacids: Contain compounds like magnesium hydroxide to neutralize excess stomach acid.

pH and Plants

Plants require a specific pH range for optimal growth. Highly acidic soil is treated with quicklime or slaked lime to lower its acidity.

pH and Nettle Stings

A nettle plant injects methanoic acid into the skin when touched. This can be neutralized by rubbing baking soda on the affected area.

the pH of Salt Solutions

Type of SaltpH of Solution
Salt of Strong Acid and Strong BaseAD 4nXfSnMQqfHK
Salt of Strong Acid and Weak Base
Salt of Weak Acid and Strong BaseAD 4nXd3em20WaPNbElksfk 1Fm S7ibbPunwI3Zd2gZKannOeaC6OwIWO zn584F9TAn msD0dJ6NgZtyFJp8wQLmd e3NxC2WrrCJtgyBhhnHj Ero0VWPVRE 2WIJ4NeMeGT2bFyPmIS2zPW21 TmcQhFdFMe?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA

Salts

Salts are ionic compounds formed from the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. They are electrically neutral and can be categorized into different families based on common radicals.

image 808

Common Salt (Sodium Chloride)

  • Formation: Produced from the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The pH value of common salt is 7.
  • Uses
  • Enhances food taste. 
  • Hydrogen gas is used as fuel, margarine, in making ammonia for fertilizers, etc.
  • Chlorine gas is used in water treatment, manufacturing of PVC, disinfectants, and CFC pesticides. It is also used in the manufacturing of bleaching powder and hydrochloric acid.
  • Sodium hydroxide: De-greasing of metals, manufacturing of paper, soap, detergents, artificial fibers, bleach, etc.

Preparation and Uses of Sodium Hydroxide

Preparation

  • AD 4nXd0rJgunw9piWIsPX xKDtm9wWAjZxjC2mhDaPW9VgPckTxs62VWktsdafJ9o8vUXuHwWHmdJdSqzoOhbJ1aBc21P6zQL3On3Kk78p4ertEhsyGRI5Qv3e75GDwzCPAuXyPHRRMxEpmIr6PZqs9TV05UN O?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA.
image 804

Uses

  • Manufacturing soap, paper, rayon, and other chemicals.
  • Refining petroleum and vegetable oils.
  • Purifying bauxite for aluminum extraction.
  • As a cleansing agent and laboratory reagent.

Preparation and Uses of Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda)

Preparation

  • Name: Washing soda
  • Chemical Formula: AD 4nXdvR079SbZ8aI88KfwgDVXZ8Va kSpYEi0JJK4d Rlwd zBUOJYja6odbkZ5sYACVXvfwEoWfQylrJgqgfQCaM2hsW1cB0YgobZ9miiqko8YbvG8EmLL5RIJxISX2t5nZ71wY9QFfC8UeiuFPyJ1O DtOM?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA
image 801

Uses

  • Soap making, paper industry, removing permanent hardness of water, medicine manufacture, and domestic cleaning.

Preparation and Uses of Baking Soda

Preparation

  • Common Name: Baking soda
  • Chemical Formula: AD 4nXfg7p4hCNyX4yVw L5ULbJZZOiTwyT HvfvFbqk7ZMCQyBtecLMf7LoJDGLhmV5Cwnl wmtY8JZxv337HYoIpniAUrfupN0In5CKrZN6u44xQV K02 D5nH 4lBM dHQ9hzBqSRGI5JP6tzpbleB1Fe8Tg?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA
  • Laboratory Preparation: AD 4nXdQoStkliHR4QUrSwWhhTq7gBgHvexoWJZMeZwGfXipR5W ioI5Mf5j2cQ5HZ F9hl2BdJ6KVkVQD2fDhe W8yZY2k85tKd 43Szt4VMl8F4foX2Ko0z1g3nqPJRlxjYCY l0SM39wPGro1oBQESVuJwQ?key=kO6dLkv3kFZY47EHSrDhmA
image 803

Uses

  • Fire extinguishing, neutralizing stomach acidity, aerated water, mild antiseptic.

Preparation and Uses of Bleaching Powder

Preparation

Bleaching powder is made by reacting chlorine with dry-slaked lime:

image 805

Uses

  • Bleaching textiles and paper, disinfecting drinking water, and as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries.

Preparation and Uses of Plaster of Paris

Preparation

Plaster of Paris is prepared by heating gypsum at 390 K.

image 807

Uses

  • Used in construction, mold making, ceramics, statues, and medical casts.

Let’s Conclude

In conclusion, understanding the concepts covered in Acids Bases and Salts is essential for mastering CBSE Class 10th Science. This chapter delves into the characteristics and chemical properties of acids, bases, and salts, helping students comprehend their everyday applications. At iPrep, we strive to make learning Acids Bases and Salts engaging and insightful through our interactive videos, comprehensive notes, and practice questions. Whether you’re preparing for exams or seeking to strengthen your understanding of Acids Bases and Salts, iPrep provides the tools you need for success.

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Chapter 2 - Acids Bases and Salts

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